AKT1 and diabetes mellitus: Studies have applied miR-126-3p or miR-21-5p engineered MSC-Exos to diabetic wounds and found that they can activate the PI3K/AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which are closely related to blood vessel formation, to promote the vascularization and re-epithelialization of DM wounds and enhance the efficiency of healing (42, 46).