AKT1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: MSC-Exos can activate autophagy through the AMPK pathway or restore the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B, which contribute to muscle glucose transporter 4 expression to reverse peripheral insulin resistance; it also relieves the apoptosis of islet β-cells and restores the insulin secretion function of type 2 diabetes (30).