TNF and Sepsis: In addition, miR-34a, miR-122 and miR-146a in plasma EVs of septic mice increase the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 β, TNF- α and MIP-2) by macrophages in a TLR7-MyD88-dependent manner and promote the migration of macrophages and neutrophils, all of which activate immune system and aggravate the inflammatory response of sepsis (Xu et al., 2018).