CSF2 and Sepsis: Gao et al. (Gao et al., 2019)found that plasma exosomes enriched with IL-12 and IL-4 effectively promote the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells in the middle and late phase of sepsis, while the growth factor GM-CSF in the exosomes augments the proliferation of T cells through TLR4-dependent pathway.