Thus, it can conclude the complex alteration of GAPDH in cardiovascular pathophysiology, but these changes would finally comprehensively reflected in serum as its level of upregulation, and it has also been early reported that the elevated serum GAPDH activity usually appears to be a potentially adjunct in the early detection of acute myocardial infarction (Karliner et al., 1971). Here, GAPDH is linked to myocardial infarction.