TNF and asthma: BCA is known for a wide spectrum of pharmacological characteristics, mainly for its anti-inflammatory effects during arthritis and osteoporosis (Felix et al., 2020; Liao et al., 2021), asthma(Ko et al., 2011), and neuropathic pain (Chundi et al., 2016), by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling and transcription factors, such as reducing the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa beta) and blocking the levels of TNF-α (tumor-necrosis factor-alpha), IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), and IL-2.