Enhancement of meningeal lymphatic drainage capacity by VEGF-C promoted the drainage of brain tumor cells into the deep CLNs and boosted anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)-mediated immunotherapy against intracranial tumors, without interfering with tumor angiogenesis or growth (Hu et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.