In STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice and T2D db/db mouse kidney models, diabetes increased the expression of TGF-β1 and induced renal fibrosis through the Smad-independent pathway, the MAP kinases, or the Akt activation (Zhao et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2019). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.