In vitro studies have shown that TGF-β1 can promote the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of CFs by activating TGF-β signaling pathway, and inhibition of TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation can be an important therapeutic strategy for myocardial fibrosis (Wang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Myocardial fibrosis.