GPBAR1 and inflammation: Guo et al. (2015) also found that TGR5 became a negative regulator of gastric inflammation by antagonizing the NF-κB signaling pathway. And in macrophages, activation of TGR5 inhibited NF-κB–mediated inflammatory cytokine production (Pols et al., 2011). Moreover, the study of Wang et al. (2011) found that liver necrosis and inflammation were more severe in TGR5 knockout mice than in wild-type mice in an LPS-induced inflammation model.