This was evident here in the context of SAR-CoV-2 infection, as proinflammatory cytokines regulated by MAPK and NF-κB signaling were elevated in the SARS-CoV-2 infected human airway cells compared to infections with other coronaviruses, and in the COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabs. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.