HMGB1 and schistosomiasis: In Schistosoma mansoni, CK2 has been found to phosphorylate HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1), a nuclear factor that can be secreted and acts as a cytokine.209 It has been proposed that targeting this phosphorylation might block HMGB1 secretion and therefore interfere with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.