INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM), usually known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, whose worldwide prevalence has been rapidly rising in the past decades.251 The main subtypes of DM are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is associated to a defective insulin secretion due to an autoimmune pancreatic β-cell destruction, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), associated to progressive loss of β-cells functionality and insulin resistance,252 frequently accompanied by obesity.252