To explore mechanisms of BMI1 upregulation in MM-MΦs, we co-cultured MM cells directly with MΦs or indirectly in trans-wells and observed BMI1 upregulation in both conditions (Fig. 3A, B), suggesting that BMI1 expression in MM-MΦs is modulated by myeloma-derived soluble factors. Here, BMI1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.