Likewise, an increase in the intrapleural level of PAI‐1 in empyema compared to chemically‐induced pleural injury (Figure 1a,b) results in an increase in the severity of the injury, worsening of the outcomes (GLIS=50 of untreated group; Figure 2), and in an increase in the MED of sctPA and scuPA or failure of therapy with doses previously identified as effective in TCN‐induced pleural injury (Komissarov et al., 2016). The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is empyema.