The expansion of TAA-specific CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident phenotype within HCC (CD69+CD103+, Fig. 4c) supports their utility in providing long-lived local anti-tumour protection37, whilst boosting of responses from TIL with the capacity to recirculate (CD69−CD103−, Fig. 4c) may be relevant for protection against the seeding of tumour metastases. The gene discussed is ITGAE; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.