Two NSCLC patients who became resistant to anti-PD-L1 therapy and developed recurrent MPE had increased frequencies of effector memory (CCR7-CD45RA-) CD8+ T cells and TIM-3 or CTLA-4 expressing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells cells in the MPE post-treatment, but this was compared to untreated rather than responding patients (107). Here, CD4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.