One recent analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab (30), a monoclonal antibody that against programmed cell death protein (PD-1), versus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with different PD-L1 tumor proportion scores from the perspective of Chinese payers based on the KEYNOTE-042 trial (12). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.