On the other hand, patients with Parkinson's disease have been observed with high total iron concentrations in the substantia nigra that might be associated with increased divalent metal iron transporter 1 activity or decreased ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, potentially both of which would increase total intracellular iron as has been reported in patients and animal models [38, 47, 48]. The gene discussed is CP; the disease is Parkinson disease.