These include inflammation, acidosis (Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2004), hemodialysis (HD) treatment (Kaplan et al., 1995), hyperglucagonemia (Sherwin et al., 1976), hyperparathyroidism (Kopple et al., 1980), endocrine disorders such as resistance to insulin (Mak, 1996) and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) (Ding et al., 1996), and so on. Here, IGF1 is linked to hyperparathyroidism.