This protein, also called osteoactivin, DC-HIL, or hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1, has been studied extensively in many contexts including cancer, kidney injury, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Parkinson disease, osteoarthritis, lysosome storage disorders, and heart failure; and, in most of these contexts expression of GPNMB is induced by the related pathology, likely in response to lysosomal stress10,22–27. This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and osteoarthritis.