FLT3 and leukemia: Moreover, previous reports have indicated that approximately 30% of adult acute leukemia patients exhibit internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in FLT3 RTK, which results in constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK, and STAT pathways47,48, and the MEK/ERK cascade may be induced by chemotherapeutic agents during leukemia therapy, which may contribute to drug resistance49.