MAPK9 and cancer: DHA was shown reduce cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and suppress cancer cell migration and invasion in bladder cancer (cell cycle arrest via p21 and KDM3A regulation) and ovarian cancer (inhibits abnormal hedgehog pathway activation) as well as specifically increasing apoptosis in colon cancer (activates Janus Kinase 2 induce apoptosis via MAPK), prostate cancer (by upregulating the TNF death receptor 5) and endothelial cell cancers (activates JNK/SAPK pathway to express pro-apoptotic factors) [62–66].