In an ex vivo melanoma coculture model, upregulated ICB protein, DC maturation, and a decreased TGF-β level were observed after H-1PV infection, and addition of ipilimumab or nivolumab further augmented this immunostimulatory effect characterized by further reduction of the TGF-β level, an increased number of granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells, and increased release of granzyme B, IFNγ, and TNFα [129]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to melanoma.