Results showed that the p65 phosphorylation induced by E. coli infection was notably attenuated by AG1478 in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 7i), and correspondingly, as shown in Fig. 7 j, E. coli-induced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-2 expression was significantly suppressed by treatment with AG1478 in a dose-dependent manner. Here, CCL2 is linked to escherichia coli infection.