Moreover, our work paves the way for future studies to allow deeper dissection of the complex contribution of the ATP synthase/IF1 axis to the regulation of different aspects of neuronal, synaptic, and cognitive functions, which could lead to different outcomes in different brain regions, and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target to treat cognitive deficits associated with neurodegenerative and age-associated pathologies. The gene discussed is ATP5IF1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.