TXNRD1 and cancer: Throughout the last 3 decades of research, multiple mechanisms of action have been ascribed to auranofin for its anti-cancer effects, including: inhibition of Txnrd1 (thioredoxin reductase 1, aka Trx1 and Trxr1), a major intracellular glutathione-like reducing system, cytotoxic increase in reactive oxygen species, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, trigger of endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of caspase, and inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome system [5], [11], [14], [15], [16], [17].