VEGF-C in serum was slightly but not significantly lower in S-LAM patients (median value: 6,453 pg/ml, range 585–8,325 pg/ml), TSC-LAM patients (median value: 6,230 pg/ml, range 5,240–7,411 pg/ml), and TSC patients (median value: 6,338 pg/ml, range 4,271–7,718 pg/ml) than controls (median value 7,058 pg/ml, range 5,093–8,198 pg/ml, p = 0.354 of ANOVA). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFC and tuberous sclerosis.