Serum VEGF-D level was lower than the diagnostic threshold of 800 pg/mL in all healthy controls and resulted higher in the S-LAM group (median value: 1,456 pg/ml, range 457–3,167 pg/ml) and TSC-LAM group (median value: 1,057 pg/ml, IQR range 574–3,302 pg/ml) than in TSC patients (median value: 396 pg/ml, range 322–646 pg/ml) and controls (median value: 378 pg/ml range 335–444 pg/ml, p < 0.001 of ANOVA) (Figure 1). Here, VEGFD is linked to tuberous sclerosis.