INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Vardi et al. (65) studied 12 children with stress hyperglycemia and a mean age of 7.2 ± 4.5 years and found that 58% of the children had a positive autoimmune assay, while 33% of the children progressed to overt T1DM within a year of follow-up, established by a low first-phase insulin release during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT).