INS and diabetes mellitus: However, the most robust association between SH and T1DM was established in a multicenter Italian study on 748 subjects with a mean age of 9.04 ± 3.62 years and without a family history of diabetes, where immunological (ICAs, IAAs, and GADAs), metabolic (first-phase insulin response-FPIR), and immunogenetic (serological HLA typing for class I and class II and molecular analysis of HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 genes) markers were examined (69).