CTLA4 and neoplasm: Previously, using an autochthonous mouse model of melanoma, Spranger et al. demonstrated that activation of the ß-catenin pathway led to impaired T cell priming through repression of CCL-4-mediated dendritic cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and, subsequently, led to resistance to anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy (18).