TXN and diabetes mellitus: Specifically, under sustained hyperglycemia in DM, HG leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to thioredoxin (TRX)-interacting protein (TXNIP) to dissociate from TRX, enhancing TXNIP expression and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (Cha-Molstad et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010).