DDIT3 and cancer: HCA, the selective hydrogenation of CA, upregulated the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), GADD153, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), homocysteine-responsive ER-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein (HERPUD1), Bax, and cytochrome c in several human cancer cells, indicating that HCA induces ER stress-mediated cell death via ROS release [71].