Despite the fact that TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ cytokines have been implicated in the in vitro activation of Th1 immune response, the destruction of Map and the development of characteristic granulomas [58–61], the current study found no significant influence of vaccination or infection over the transcription of these cytokines by CaMØs, presumably due to the high individual variability. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.