VWF and tuberculosis: Gene loci associated with enriched GWAS SNPs for the CHA breed group also included the CILK1 gene (aka ICK) and the Kelch repeat and BTB domain containing 3 gene (KCNJ15), which has been detected as an expression biomarker for human TB [69]; the T cell immune regulator 1, ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit a3 gene (TCIRG1), a known antimycobacterial host defence gene that has been shown to be a key hub gene associated with IFN-γ stimulation of human macrophages [70]; and the Von Willebrand factor gene (VWF).