Importantly, the gene signature consisted of various cytokines and chemokines elevated in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, including CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Figure 2J; Göbel et al., 2018; Khaibullin et al., 2017; Soleimani et al., 2019; Stampanoni Bassi et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and myeloid sarcoma.