Our prior studies also showed that infection causes fmo-2/FMO5 induction independently of previously identified host defense pathways, including p38 MAPK, TGF-β, ERK, insulin, Wnt, and HIF-1 pathways (Irazoqui et al., 2008; Irazoqui et al., 2010a; Luhachack et al., 2012; Visvikis et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.