The three validated risk scores for PO-AKI include male sex, age >50 years, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ascites, heart failure, emergent surgery, intraperitoneal surgery, poly-pharmacy, use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and increasing American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification score34,45,46. Here, ACE is linked to diabetes mellitus.