To rule out a potential nonspecific effect of CNO in the observed glucose-increasing effects, we generated a new group of STZ-T1D mice with glucose normalized by i.c.v. leptin treatment (Supplementary Fig. 3a), and found that CNO injections had no effect on the glucose level in these mice (Supplementary Fig. 3b). The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.