As expected, overexpression of PARP9 in PARP9 and MAVS DKO BMDC produced significantly more IFN-α (Fig. 5h and j) and IFN-β (Fig. 5i and j) than those cells expressing control vector in response to intracellular poly I:C or viral dsRNA Reo1198 (Fig. 5h and i) or reovirus infection (Fig. 5j). Here, IFNA1 is linked to Reoviridae infectious disease.