PARP9 and infection: Similarly, compared with those cells expressing control vector, there were dramatically more IFN-α (Supplementary Fig. S6g and i) and IFN-β (Supplementary Fig. S6h and j) production by PARP9 KO BMDC (Supplementary Fig. S6g and h) or BMDM (Supplementary Fig. 6i and j) overexpressing PARP9 after infection by RNA viruses.