Moreover, it’s reported that mice harboring the hyper-responsive form of STAT1 have been shown to enhance IFN signaling and control viral infection, and STAT1 employs E3 ubiquitin ligase deltex-3-like (DTX3L) through PARP9-DTX3L interaction to target host histone H2BJ and viral 3C protease32. Here, PARP9 is linked to viral infectious disease.