PARP9 and infection: To further investigate if PARP9 mediated type I IFN production in dendritic cells, we knocked down either PARP9 or MAVS in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) by shRNA against PARP9 or MAVS (Fig. 1h and i) and stimulated those cells with cytosolic LPIC, dsDNA from HSV-1 virus (HSV-60), cGAMP (STING stimulator in DNA sensing pathway), or dsRNA virus reovirus (Reo) infection for detecting type I IFN production.