Similarly, PARP9 KO BMDM produced two- to fivefold less type I IFN than WT BMDM at 8 h (Supplementary Fig. S4c and d), 12 h (Fig. 2i and j) or 16 h (Fig. 2k and l) post-infection by those RNA viruses. This evidence concerns the gene PARP9 and infection.