Compared to EGFR-mutant lesions or double wild-type lesions, KRAS-mutant IPNs exhibited the highest CD8+ T cell infiltration and lowest CD4/CD8 T cell ratio inferred by immune gene expression; lowest Treg/CD8+ T cell ratio by mIF as well as highest T cell clonality derived by TCR sequencing (Supplementary Fig. 13a–d), implying the interplay between oncogene mutations and immune surveillance during early pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is lung adenocarcinoma.