CD4 and neoplasm: mRBC-OVA-4-1BBL-IL-12 also promoted general anti-tumor immune effects as demonstrated by increased Ki67, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and IL-2 expression by endogenous CD8+ T cells (Supplementary Fig. 4a), increased Ki67 and granzyme B in natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor (Supplementary Fig. 4b), decreased Treg % and increased proliferating Th1 % (IFNγ + Ki67 + %) in CD4+ T cells (Supplementary Fig. 4c), and increased M1 macrophage % in the tumor (Supplementary Fig. 4d).