3-MA and CQ mice both prevented the down-expression of CD31 and VE-Cadherin, the up-expression of α-SMA and N-Cadherin at mRNA level (Fig. 3), as well as the decrease in CD31+/VE-Cadherin+ endothelial cells and increase in CD31+/α-SMA+ cells (Fig. 4), implying that autophagy may mediate EndMT in HF. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and hydrops fetalis.