Overexpression of TGF-β is commonly observed in solid tumors.40 Because transformed cells (e.g., esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma) can secret cytokines,41 we measured the expression of cytokines (e.g., TGF-β1, PDGFA, PDGFC, IGF, and Endothelin) of UM cells and found that the expression of TGF-β1 was increased. Here, PDGFC is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.