At the early stage of virus infection, K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 contributes to the formation of the IFN antiviral signaling complex for promoting IFN induction; however, at the late stage of virus infection, K48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 mediated by TRIAD3A facilitates its degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (20, 49). The gene discussed is TRAF3; the disease is viral infectious disease.