Both hyperphosphataemia and high FGF-23 concentrations, which are important components of the CKD-MBD syndrome, have been associated with increased mortality in dialysis patients, with the mortality risk being higher in patients with elevated FGF-23 concentrations compared to those with hyperphosphataemia (5–6-fold increase compared to 1.3–2) [77, 78]. Here, FGF23 is linked to hyperphosphatemia.