ISG15 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In individuals with new-onset type 1 diabetes, the expression of OAS1 was increased by 111% (p < 1.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.43, −0.15, Fig. 4c), the expression of MX1 was increased by 142% (p < 1.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.52, −0.22, Fig. 4g) and the expression of ISG15 was increased by 197% (p = 2.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.68, −0.18, Fig. 4i) compared with non-diabetic control individuals.