Expression of Th17-associated genes (IL17RA, IL17RC, IL22RA1, RORC, CCR5, CCR6, IL6, IL23, TGFB1) in pre-treatment NSCLC patient samples revealed that upregulation of IL17RC mRNA correlated with the progressive disease to anti-PD-1 (Fig. 5a) (12 patients defined as progressive disease and 4 patients defined as partial response). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.