Intestinal monocyte turnover during obesity could be further studied using Tim4 and CD4 as markers, as under steady-state Tim4+ CD4+ macrophages are maintained locally, independent of monocyte contribution, whereas Tim4− CD4+ and Tim4− CD4− are differentially replenished by infiltrating monocytes27. This evidence concerns the gene TIMD4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.