PDGFD and heart failure: Pdgfd knockout mice are phenotypically normal with the exception of a modest increase in systemic blood pressure [82], However, cardiac-specific PDGFD transgenic mice, overexpressing the active core domain of human PDGFD in the heart, exhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, vascular remodeling with wall thickening, severe cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, and premature death [83].