IFNG and cancer: The only known member of this phylum in human gut microbiota is the mucolytic species Akkermansia muciniphila, which was described recently as the most important member of human gut microbiota contributing to mucus turn-over and gut barrier integrity.51 This species was shown to be beneficial for anti-PD-1 therapy, correlating with IFN-γ production by peripheral T cells and a more effective anti-cancer immune response22.