To investigate whether our observations could be recapitulated in primary cells, we used short-term cultures of primary human gastric epithelial cells for infections.29 After confirming the epithelial origin of gastric cells with an anti-pancytokeratin antibody, we observed that uninfected cells displayed JAM-A at the cell-cell contacts, while 24 hours after infection with H. pylori, the surface expression of JAM-A was strongly reduced (Figure 1B). This evidence concerns the gene F11R and infection.