Collins et al. [38] demonstrated that administration of LCA induced significant increase in plasma TMAO levels in ApoE−/− mice expressing hCETP (human cholesteryl ester transfer protein), resulting in a significant reduction in aortic lesion size in both aortic root and thoracic aorta, indicating that TMAO inhibits aortic lesion formation and may have a protective role against atherosclerosis development in humans. Here, APOE is linked to atherosclerosis.