TFAM and gestational diabetes: Similarly, another study demonstrated that the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and that of mitochondrial function genes (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1alpha, and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1β-subcomplex) were obviously lower in UCMSCs from GDM mothers than in UCMSCs from healthy mothers (Kong et al., 2019).